As a cold ends, a severe mucus cough starts. Sound familiar? Two studies now give explanations: First, crucial mechanisms of the mucus in both diseased and healthy airways; second, what happens in such chronic lung diseases as cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
“This is new knowledge, but there are no instant cures to be found yet. But to make progress, it’s important to understand how the mucus clearance works,” says Gunnar C. Hansson, Professor of Medical Biochemistry at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg.
The studies, published in European Respiratory Journal and Journal of Clinical Investigation Insight, describe how the normal lung is kept clean by long mucus bundles formed in glands are moved along the airways and thus “sweeping” and cleaning the surface.
When particles or irritant substances are inhaled, they temporarily bring the mucus bundles to a halt. Meanwhile, the cilia collect the debris onto the bundles, and these are then efficiently cleared out of the lungs when the bundles start moving again.
In a lung infection or chronic lung disease, the lung mucus is transformed into a virtually immobile mucus layer against which the cilia are powerless. This layer keeps bacteria away from the epithelial cells and thereby protecting it.
Both defensive and harmful
Toward the end of a cold, the mucus layer needs to be coughed up, which explains why a cold ends with mucus coughing. But in certain types of chronic lung disease, such as cystic fibrosis or COPD, the mucus remains on the airway surface. There, although the mucus layer essentially has a protective role, it accumulates bacteria that will slowly damage the lungs.
The latest studies also show that, in composition and function, the immobile mucus layer strikingly resembles the protective mucus layer in the large intestine. This too has been discovered and described by the Mucin Biology Group under Gunnar C. Hansson’s leadership.
In the large intestine and lung alike, these mucus layers keep bacteria at bay minimizing contact with the body. The difference is that in the lung, the mucus tethering is transient and the mucus is cleared away once the infection is under control.
Paving the way for new treatments
One way of impeding the formation of a tethered mucus layer in chronic lung disease is to use a common medication, an inhalation spray (Atrovent), to keep the mucus bundles moving.
“Our observations explain some of the beneficial effects of this inhaled drug in the treatment of COPD,” says Anna Ermund, a researcher in the Group and first author of the article in European Respiratory Journal.
The scientists behind the studies believe that their findings on the important cleaning function of mucus, and on how tethered mucus damages the lung, will pave the way for new ways of treating both acute and chronic lung diseases.
Articles
Attached stratified mucus separates bacteria from the epithelial cells in COPD lungs
The mucus bundles responsible for airway cleaning are retained in cystic fibrosis and by cholinergic stimulation
Kommentar i European Respiratory Journal: A clean sweep: mucin bundles clear the airway
Movie clips of tissue samples from pig filmed under a microscope
Blue-colored, fast-moving bundles of mucus that sweep away bacteria by means of cilia
Immobile mucus in cystic fibrosis
Movie clips: Anna Ermund
Portrait photos: Margareta G Kubista and Johan Wingborg
TEXT: Margareta G Kubista
